Stockhausen’s Gesang der Junglinge

Stockhausen turned out to be progressively intrigued during the late ’50s with the spatial projection of music in the presentation space. It very well may be said that Stockhausen’s Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge denoted the start of the finish of great musique concrete. For Kontakte in 1958, utilizing four-track tape, he formulated a smart way make the sound of his tape music turn around the crowd at different rates. He did this in the studio utilizing a pivoting stage with an amplifier mounted on top. He could physically turn the speaker up to multiple times a second.Stockhausen additionally utilized a specific recording device called the Springer. Initially created to stretch or abbreviate radio stations, it utilized a pivoting grid of four to six playback heads that spun the other way as the tape transport. As the tape passed the pivoting playback cluster, one of the playback heads was in contact with it consistently. The yield was equivalent to the entirety of the turning heads.It was normal for him that he was unable to be happy with Boulez's and Berio's deduction of music from verbal sounds and structure: there must be some broad standard, which a solitary work would be sufficient to show totally †some framework which a work could bring into being. Such a framework he found in the association of degrees of understandability, over a range from the conventionality of discourse to the absolute unimaginableness of silent music.This would require electronic methods. He required â€Å"to orchestrate everything separate into as smooth a continuum as could reasonably be expected, and afterward to remove the assorted varieties from this continuum and create with them†, and he found the best approach to do that through joining, in the middle of 1954 and 1956, classes in phonetics and data hypothesis given at Bonn University by Werner Meyer-Eppler. Since, as he there found, vowel sounds are recognized, whoever is talking, by trademark formants (u nderlined groups of frequencies), it appeared it should be conceivable to make engineered vowels out of electronic sounds, so that blended music could start to work as language. Working from the opposite end, the entire repertory of tape changes was accessible to adjust spoken or sung material thus move it towards unadulterated, inane sound.Around the time that Stockhausen was planning these standards for electronic music, the nature of his work started to change significantly. Subsequent to finishing the two electronic Studien, he came back to instrumental composition for about a year, finishing a few atonal works for piano and woodwinds, just as the driven symphonic work Gruppen.Gruppen, composed for three complete instrumental gatherings, each with its own director, stamped Stockhausen’s first significant analysis with the spatial organization of sound. He situated the different symphonies at three posts around the crowd with the goal that their sounds were truly isolated in the listening space. The gatherings called to one another with their instruments, reverberated to and fro, once in a while played in solidarity, and some of the time alternated playing alone to move the sound around the audience.Gruppen and his other instrumental examinations of that time were Stockhausen’s extension to his next electronic work. When he left on the making of Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge (Song of the Youths, 1955-56), his perspectives on the control of dynamic components of electronic music had expanded considerably.In this creation the combined electronic sounds are formed by standards similar to those working in vocal sounds, and the recorded voice, that of a kid treble, is conveyed into the electronic stream by studio adjustment and altering: superimpositions making virtual ensembles, resonations to recommend significant stretch, scramblings of words and parts of words, changes of speed and direction.Nothing on either side, in this manner, is very unfamiliar to the next, and Stockhausen welcomes his crowd to take care of degrees of intelligibility by utilizing a book with which he could anticipate them (the work was expected for projection in Cologne Cathedral) to be recognizable: the German interpretation of the petition sung in the Apocrypha by three youthful Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's heater (thus the title, Song of the Youths). Stockhausen's electronic creation Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge accordingly endeavors to coordinate its biblicalGerman content with the various materials in the arrangement (Morgan 442). All things being equal, the decision of this specific supplication can't have been uninfluenced by what Stockhausen could have imagined would be the symbolism of the piece, with the kid's singing encompassed by blazes of electronic articulation.Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge is maybe the most huge work of electronic music of the ‘50s on the grounds that it parted from the tasteful creed that had distracted the leaders of the Paris and Cologne studios. It was a work of aesthetic dã ©tente, a cognizant break from the absolutely electronically created music of WDR, in which Stockhausen set out to incorporate acoustic sounds, as had authors of musique concrã ¨te in France.Yet the piece is altogether not normal for anything that went before it. Stockhausens' Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge draws on irregular sound materials (Bazzana 74).â Stockhausen’s objective was to combine the sonic parts of recorded sections of a young ensemble with proportionate tones and timbres created electronically. He needed to bring these two distinct wellsprings of sound together into a solitary, liquid melodic component, entwined and broke up into each other as opposed to differentiated, as had been the propensity of most musique concrete.  Stockhausen made some mix with works of new soul and innovative structure (Collaer 395).Stockhausen rehearsed his recently shaped standards of electronic music arrangement, presenting an arrange ment that necessary the adjustment of the â€Å"speed, length, tumult, delicate quality, thickness and multifaceted nature, the width and limitation of pitch interims and separations of timbre† in an accurate and exact way. There was nothing inadvertent about this blend of voices and electronic sounds. At thirteen minutes and fourteen seconds, Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge was longer than any past worked acknowledged at the Cologne studio.It was a â€Å"composed† work, utilizing a visual score indicating the arrangement of sounds and their dynamic components through the span of the work. The outcome was an amazingly excellent and frequenting work of clearing, moving tones and voices. The content, taken from the Book of Daniel, was sung by a boys’ ensemble as single syllables and entire words. The words were once in a while uncovered as understandable sounds, and at different occasions just as â€Å"pure sound values†. Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge manages an a lot mo re noteworthy assortment of sonic material than did the previous investigations (Morgan 466).Stockhausen’s digestion of a boy’s performing voice into the work was the consequence of careful readiness on his part. He needed the sung parts to intently coordinate the electronically created tones of the piece. His organization notes from the time clarify how he got this going: Fifty-two bits of paper with graphically documented tunes which were sung by the kid, Josef Protschka, during the chronicle of the individual layers.Stockhausen likewise created these tunes as sine tones on tape circles for the around 3-hour recording meetings. The kid tuned in to these tunes over headphones and afterward attempted to sing them. Stockhausen picked the best outcome from every arrangement of endeavors for the ensuing synchronization of the layers.Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge is generally significant for a few reasons. It spoke to the start of the finish of the main time of tape sythesis, wh ich had been forcefully isolated stylishly between the Paris and Cologne ways of thinking. The development of Stockhausen’s way to deal with making the work, mixing acoustic and electronic sounds as dubious crude materials, meant a developing of the medium.The work effectively push off the shroud of curiosity and sound tests that had distracted such a significant number of tape arrangements until that time. Stockhausen’s idea of â€Å"composing the sound†Ã¢â‚¬splitting it, making the changing parameters of sound piece of the topic of the workâ€was first practiced in Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge. Musical structures were just ostensibly present, no conventional redundancy of themes existed in the work, and its topic was the persistent advancement of sound shapes and elements as opposed to an example of creating tones.Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge was made on five tracks. During its exhibition, five amplifiers were set with the goal that they encompassed the crowd. The aud ience was in the eye of the sonic tempest, with music exuding from each side, moving clockwise and counterclockwise, moving and not moving in space.Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge was initially arranged for five tape channels, later diminished to four, and its excitement is significantly upgraded by antiphonal impacts. Stockhausen himself was to apply in numerous later works the revelations he had made here in the treatment of language and of space, of which the last was at that point asserting his consideration in Gruppen for three symphonies. In any case, maybe the most profound exercise of Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge was that music of different types, regardless of whether normally or electronically delivered, is made of sounds as opposed to notes, and that the primary undertaking of the author is to tune in. â€Å"More than at any other time before†, Stockhausen composed, â€Å"we need to tune in, each day of our lives. We reach inferences by making tests on ourselves. Regardless of whether they are legitimate for others just our music can show.† (Stockhausen 45-51).Stockhausen's Gesang der Jã ¼nglinge given a significant defining moment in the aesthetic advancement of the studio, for against all the lessons of the foundation the piece was organized around accounts of a kid's voice, treated and incorporated with electronic sounds. In

Mobile Phone use: Reaction Times

Cell Phone use: Reaction Times The motivation behind this investigation was to decide the impacts of isolated consideration upon reaction time. Members comprised of 51 female and 10 male understudies from the University of Canberra, going in age from 19-60 years (M = 24.95, SD = 7.99). Members were approached to finish a spatial prompting task while utilizing their cell phone to either send instant messages or make calls. Information was gathered utilizing the colleges PCs on the program Cog Lab 2.0. Results uncovered that the content and talk conditions for all assignment types (unbiased, legitimate, and invalid) had essentially more slow response times than the control condition. The content gathering indicated fundamentally more slow response times than the discussion gathering. Moreover, the benchmark group demonstrated that the response times for the substantial errands was altogether quicker than the impartial, and essentially quicker for the legitimate than invalid undertakings. These outcomes do bolster pa st research and writing in the region of cell phone use while driving. The utilization of cell phones has become in the course of the most recent five years, with over 21.26 million clients in Australia alone (White, Hyde, Walsh Watson, 2010). Regardless of expanding proof that cell phone use while driving presents dangers; drivers despite everything take part in this conduct. A self-report concentrate on cell phone use while driving in Australia, found that 43 percent of cell phone proprietors utilize their telephones while heading to answer their calls, trailed by making calls 36 percent, perusing instant messages 27 percent, and sending instant messages 18 percent. Around 33% of these drivers utilized hand free units, showing that most Australian drivers use hand held cell phones while driving (White Watson, 2010). The disability capability of cell phone utilization while driving has been the focal point of different social and test considers. Despite the fact that these examinations vary in the degree of conduct changes found, most analysts concur that there is a huge negative impact on various parts of driving execution. The most widely recognized angles are the withdrawal of consideration and more slow response times (Reed Green, 1999). The effect of driving while at the same time utilizing a cell phone on response time is frequently disclosed concerning a marvel regularly alluded to as inattentional visual deficiency or change visual deficiency (Strayer, Drews Johnston, 2003), wherein an individual who is concentrating consideration on one specific errand will neglect to see an unforeseen improvement even while legitimately taking a gander at it (Simons Chabris, 1999). Strayer and Johnston (2003), established that drivers talking on a hands free cell phone were almost certain than drivers not utilizing cell phones to neglect to see traffic flags and react more slow to slow down lights. Subsequently drivers were bound to cause backside mishaps and more averse to have the option to review point by point data about explicit visual improvements (Strayer et al., 2003). These scientists additionally discovered this conduct in members who focused their vision, proposing that cell phone discussions may actuate inattentional visual deficiency with regards to driving. In any case, Strayer Johnston (2003) thought about that since they utilized a high-devotion driving test system that these outcomes were definitive of genuine driving. These outcomes may not be exact, all things considered, situations were members would be driving on genuine streets with genuine vehicles. Beede Kass, (2006) additionally utilized a driving test system to quantify the effect of a discussion task on a hands free cell phone and a sign location task while driving. Results recommended driving execution as far as criminal traffic offenses, was altogether weakened while members banter on the hands free unit and in general execution in the sign location task were low. At long last they found a collaboration between the cell phone discussion and a sign discovery task in proportions of speed, speed fluctuation, response time and consideration slips (Beede Kass, 2006). Nonetheless, drivers that are not exposed to diverting undertakings may likewise neglect to see significant highlights of the traffic condition. That is, in any event, when examining various pieces of the visual scene fittingly, there is a hazard that significant highlights will be remembered fondly in unattended zones (Simons Chabris, 1999). In considering the wonders of inattentional visual deficiency, it merits repeating a key modifier, surprising occasions. For the most part, the event of these inattentional disappointments is by all accounts decreased when the spectator foresees the article. Hence, the unforeseen occasions appear to be the most dangerous. With regards to traffic, these might be fairly harder to characterize quantitatively in light of the fact that these occasions can take on a wide range of structures (Simons Chabris, 1999). An examination directed by Posner, Snyder Davidson, (1980) utilizing a spatial prompting task, investigated the hypothesis of expected versus surprising occasions. They accept that members reactions to prompted targets are typically quicker and here and there more precise than reactions to uncued targets. Results from the investigation directed by Posner et al., (1980) recommend that members were quicker when the sign showed up in a similar area (substantial) and slowest when the prompt showed up inverse the demonstrated signal (invalid). Posner, Snyder and Davidson, (1980) deciphered these outcomes as indicating that members moved their consideration regarding the area of the objective before its appearance. Similarly, when members were anticipating that the prompt should show up in the contrary region, members moved regard for an inappropriate area. Notwithstanding, it might be conceivable to portray these outcomes as being because of members expectation of the objective position, or even possibility. On the other hand, Simons Chabris (1999) gave a survey of trials in which members concentrating on visual undertakings neglect to see surprising visual boosts, and present their own original clarification of the wonder. Results recommend that the likelihood of seeing the surprising article relied upon the closeness of the specific item inside the showcase and the trouble of the assignment. Simons Chabris (1999) include that the spatial vicinity of the article to went to area didn't influence the identification, recommending that members take care of items and occasions, not positions (Simons et al., 1999). In any case, this examination didn't investigate whether singular contrasts in seeing, happen from contrasts in the capacity to play out the essential undertaking. Strayer, Drews Crouch (2006) contrasted drivers utilizing cell phones with alcoholic drivers, concludingthat while controlling for driving trouble and time on task, cell phone drivers showed a more noteworthy debilitation than inebriated drivers. Aftereffects of this examination found that the response time of drivers utilizing a cell phone were more slow by 8.4 percent comparative with drivers who neither had expended liquor nor were utilizing telephones. Likewise drivers utilizing cell phones were in reality bound to have a backside crash than drivers who had devoured liquor (Strayer Crouch, 2003). The effect of utilizing a hands free telephone on driving execution was not found to vary from the effect of utilizing a hand held telephone, which specialists proposed was because of the withdrawal of consideration from the handling of data in the driving condition while participating in cell phone discussion (Strayer et al., 2003). Be that as it may, the measures utilized for the two w eaknesses referenced above, are very unordinary. Cell phone weakness is related with the preoccupation of consideration and is brief, while the disability from liquor continues for longer timeframes. Moreover, while cell phone clients have a control (for example stopping a discussion) drivers who are inebriated can't do a lot to control their presentation. Studies that have taken a gander at the impacts of messaging while at the same time driving have additionally recommended a negative effect on drivers execution (Drews, Yazdani, Celeste, Godfrey Cooper, 2009). Research by Drews Cooper (2009) found an absence of reaction time in members who utilized their cell phones to send instant messages while driving on a test system. They closed the texters in the driving test system had more crashes, reacted all the more gradually to the brake lights of vehicles before them-and demonstrated more disability in forward and sideways control than drivers who chatted on their cell phones while driving. (Drews et al. likewise found that content informing members longest eyes off the street term was more than six seconds. At 55mph this compares to a driver venturing to every part of the length of a football field without taking a gander at the roadway. In outline, the reason for this examination is to investigate the impacts of partitioned consideration on reaction time. To accomplish this reason, this examination means to quantify reaction times in the impartial, substantial, and invalid states of a spatial prompting task, while members utilize their cell phones to talk or content. In view of both hypothesis and past research, it is speculated that the benchmark group will have essentially quicker response times over all gatherings (content and talk). It was likewise estimated that the response times for the benchmark group over all errand types (legitimate, invalid, and nonpartisan) would be fundamentally unique. All the more explicitly, it was anticipated that the undertaking type for the substantial condition would be quicker than the unbiased errand, and essentially quicker for the legitimate than the invalid assignment. It was conjectured that there would be a critical distinction between members response times inside the dis cussion bunch over every one of the three conditions (legitimate, invalid, and impartial) rather than the content gathering. All the more explicitly it was anticipated that the response times for the discussion gathering will be essentially quicker by and large contrasted with the content gathering. Technique Members The members of this investigation comprised of 61 alumni and college understudies of the unit psychological brain research, from the University of Canberra (51 female and 10 male). Ages went from 19 to 60 years (M = 24.95

Americans and Dependence on Computer - 550 Words

Americans and Dependence on Computer (Essay Sample) Content: Are Americans Becoming Too Dependent on Computers?Name:Institution:AbstractThe paper briefly reviews the dependence on computers in contemporary the American society. Providing three examples, the paper highlights justifiable indicators of Americansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ over dependence on computers. To begin with, American children become overly dependent on computers from a very early age, becoming computer-game addicts, who are emotionally dependent on computers. Secondly, the dependence has triggered a reliance on computer-based healthcare, where even clinicians cannot deliver health care without using the indispensable computer. Finally, according to the paper, the overdependence on computers has changed the American society to replace direct communication with computer-based indirect interactions of the social media. Essentially, therefore, as demonstrated by these three examples, a similar trend of overdependence on computers is characteristic in politics, education, fami ly life, military, and law practice among many other areas of life in modern America.Are Americans Becoming Too Dependent on Computers?The use of computers has transformed the way of life for every American, in the last two decades. Today, regardless of the age bracket or gender, social class or education background, Americans largely rely on computers in every facet of life. The computer has now invaded every area of life as a basic essential. Consequently, according to Cash, Rae, Steel and Winkler (2012), overreliance on computers is today "causing neurological complications, psychological disturbances, and social problems" across Europe and in the US (p. 292). Courtesy of computers therefore, we now have young computer-game addicts, computer-based healthcare, and a society anchored on computer-based interactions. In the paragraphs that follow, this brief essay will critically evaluate how the average American has become overly dependent on computers.To begin with, Americansà ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬ overdependence on computers is emphatically illustrated by the use of computers by children. American children start playing computer games while still very young, but the availability of a computer at home means that, within a few years, they mature to be computer-game addicts (Poon, 2012). According to Poon (2012), these young computer-game addicts have an emotional dependence directly related to their overdependence on computers. Weinstein (2010) concur with the foregoing conclusion, asserting that that, American adolescents have fallen prey to computers and the net result is video-game addiction. Matters have worsened to the extent that, clinicians are now recommending a pharmacological treatment for people with computer-game addiction, a craving that often starts at a young age and matures to addiction among young Americans (Han, Hwang, Renshaw, 2010). Unfortunately, over dependence on computers is not only a trend among American children.Computers have become an essenti al digital platform in entertainment, shopping, health care, education and many other areas of modern American lifestyles. The health care sector amply exemplifies this trend. Caplan, Perse, and Gennaria (2007) provided a theoretical review of computer-mediated technology adopted in modern lifestyles. The researchers conducted a study on overdependence on computers in the health care industry. According to Campbell, Sittig, Guappone, Dykstra, and Ash (2007), health care is now administered using such clinical systems as the Computerized Provider Order Entry. The outcome is health care provision that is overly reliant on the computers, creating false expectations on data accuracy among patients and health care providers, and most importantly, enabling clinicians who "cannot work efficiently without computerized systems" (p. 94). Similarly, as in health care, overdependence on computers has become the norm in social interactions, as argued below.Thirdly and finally for the present dis cussion, computers have inspired, shaped and anchored the social media as a necessity of the American society in the Information Age. Young and old Americans now have multiple and active social media accounts in Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram among others. There has been a notable social change mediated by the computers, by triggering a novel mode of indirect social interaction (Caplan, Perse, Gennaria, 2007). The social media requires a consistent daily usage of the computer to communicate, interact with others, or simply following up on friends and peers. The resultant reality is what Young (1998) describes as "internet addiction," which had emerged as "a new clinical disorder," nearly two decades ago (p. 237). A decade after Youngà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s (1998) prediction, Shaw and Black (2008) conducted a study and affirmed that social media has triggered an unprecedented internet addiction.In conclusion, therefore, the foregoing examples only highli... Americans and Dependence on Computer - 550 Words Americans and Dependence on Computer (Essay Sample) Content: Are Americans Becoming Too Dependent on Computers?Name:Institution:AbstractThe paper briefly reviews the dependence on computers in contemporary the American society. Providing three examples, the paper highlights justifiable indicators of Americansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ over dependence on computers. To begin with, American children become overly dependent on computers from a very early age, becoming computer-game addicts, who are emotionally dependent on computers. Secondly, the dependence has triggered a reliance on computer-based healthcare, where even clinicians cannot deliver health care without using the indispensable computer. Finally, according to the paper, the overdependence on computers has changed the American society to replace direct communication with computer-based indirect interactions of the social media. Essentially, therefore, as demonstrated by these three examples, a similar trend of overdependence on computers is characteristic in politics, education, fami ly life, military, and law practice among many other areas of life in modern America.Are Americans Becoming Too Dependent on Computers?The use of computers has transformed the way of life for every American, in the last two decades. Today, regardless of the age bracket or gender, social class or education background, Americans largely rely on computers in every facet of life. The computer has now invaded every area of life as a basic essential. Consequently, according to Cash, Rae, Steel and Winkler (2012), overreliance on computers is today "causing neurological complications, psychological disturbances, and social problems" across Europe and in the US (p. 292). Courtesy of computers therefore, we now have young computer-game addicts, computer-based healthcare, and a society anchored on computer-based interactions. In the paragraphs that follow, this brief essay will critically evaluate how the average American has become overly dependent on computers.To begin with, Americansà ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬ overdependence on computers is emphatically illustrated by the use of computers by children. American children start playing computer games while still very young, but the availability of a computer at home means that, within a few years, they mature to be computer-game addicts (Poon, 2012). According to Poon (2012), these young computer-game addicts have an emotional dependence directly related to their overdependence on computers. Weinstein (2010) concur with the foregoing conclusion, asserting that that, American adolescents have fallen prey to computers and the net result is video-game addiction. Matters have worsened to the extent that, clinicians are now recommending a pharmacological treatment for people with computer-game addiction, a craving that often starts at a young age and matures to addiction among young Americans (Han, Hwang, Renshaw, 2010). Unfortunately, over dependence on computers is not only a trend among American children.Computers have become an essenti al digital platform in entertainment, shopping, health care, education and many other areas of modern American lifestyles. The health care sector amply exemplifies this trend. Caplan, Perse, and Gennaria (2007) provided a theoretical review of computer-mediated technology adopted in modern lifestyles. The researchers conducted a study on overdependence on computers in the health care industry. According to Campbell, Sittig, Guappone, Dykstra, and Ash (2007), health care is now administered using such clinical systems as the Computerized Provider Order Entry. The outcome is health care provision that is overly reliant on the computers, creating false expectations on data accuracy among patients and health care providers, and most importantly, enabling clinicians who "cannot work efficiently without computerized systems" (p. 94). Similarly, as in health care, overdependence on computers has become the norm in social interactions, as argued below.Thirdly and finally for the present dis cussion, computers have inspired, shaped and anchored the social media as a necessity of the American society in the Information Age. Young and old Americans now have multiple and active social media accounts in Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram among others. There has been a notable social change mediated by the computers, by triggering a novel mode of indirect social interaction (Caplan, Perse, Gennaria, 2007). The social media requires a consistent daily usage of the computer to communicate, interact with others, or simply following up on friends and peers. The resultant reality is what Young (1998) describes as "internet addiction," which had emerged as "a new clinical disorder," nearly two decades ago (p. 237). A decade after Youngà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s (1998) prediction, Shaw and Black (2008) conducted a study and affirmed that social media has triggered an unprecedented internet addiction.In conclusion, therefore, the foregoing examples only highli...

Pride The Fatal Flaw Of A Warrior - 909 Words

Pride: The Fatal Flaw of a Warrior Pride is a reoccurring theme throughout The Iliad and plays a tremendous role in the poem. Despite the common belief of pride as the motivation of a great warrior, Homer depicts pride as an evil characteristic that clouds a warriors judgement. Pride is responsible for the two major conflicts in the book, and it is directly responsible for the deaths of two major characters. The Trojans and Achaeans are at war because of the pride of both Menelaos and Paris, and Achilleus refuses to fight in the war because of his pride, as well as the pride of Agamemnon. Hektor and Patroklos, beloved warriors of the Trojans and Achaeans, respectively, were both skilled in battle and crucial in the advances made by their nations. Unfortunately, they fall in battle because they let pride control their actions. The Iliad takes place in the area around Troy, nine years after the beginning of the Trojan War. The whole war is fought â€Å"for the sake of Helen and all he r possessions† (3.70). Helen was the wife of Menelaos before the war started. Paris, the son of the Trojan King, Priam, stole Helen to be his wife, thereby causing Menelaos and the Achaeans to wage war on Troy in hopes of returning Helen to her rightful husband. Although it is a noble reason to fight, the whole conflict is due to the injured pride of Menelaos. Although the war has been going on for nine years, there is an opportunity to end the war in book seven, when Priam proposes that the TrojansShow MoreRelatedThe Tragic Hero Of Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1453 Words   |  6 Pageshas greatness. The character must have high status position, but must also have nobility and virtue. In the book, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, Okonkwo, the great warrior who is well known in his tribe Umuofia, fits the category of a tragic hero. 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Emerging Trends Of Cyber Crime - 1867 Words

Emerging Trends in Cyber Crime Abstract- We are in a state where without computer and internet life does not seem possible. From the time of the evolution of computer and internet, large scale industries, commercial institutions, financial institutions have become more dependent on cyber space. But at the same time cyber crimes have become the biggest threat to the users of information technology. Considering cyber crimes, many countries have come-up with cyber laws, some countries have implemented them and some will implement. This essay has attempted to deal with cyber crimes and cyber laws; it has tried to solve the problems relating to cyber crimes. India is one of those countries who have implemented cyber law. In year 2000, India came with a law in cyber space called Information Technology Act, 2000, which was later amended in 2008. As cyber crimes do not have geographical boundaries, therefore to fight against it we need a uniform law, and proper implementation of it. Keywords- cyber crime, cyber law, hacking, e-banking, digital contract, digital rights, virus. Information technology is being used since it was evolved, for the benefit of the sophisticated economic trading in an easier way, banking in e-banking form, communication, business, etc. Today it has become that part of life, without which life does not seem possible. The use of internet has emerged as a very useful medium for the welfare of the civilized society. But internet is not one of those whichShow MoreRelatedTechnological Innovations Are Transforming Almost All Industry1267 Words   |  6 Pagesincreased demand from both established and emerging markets but tapping the demand requires insurers to embrace new technologies to refine business processes and improve customers’ satisfaction. 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Depression and Common Mental Disorders †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Depression and Common Mental Disorders. Answer: Introduction: Mental illness or disorder refers to psychiatric problems or behavioural mental patterns that are responsible for bringing about significant impairment or distress of personal functioning. Such problems are relapsing or persistent and are found to occur in the form or single or several episodes (Clement et al. 2015). Most mental health problems usually affect men and women equally. However, some of the mental disorders have been found to occur more among women. There are a range of social factors that put women at an increased risk of suffering from poor mental health status than men (Chambers et al. 2014). This essay will talk about higher prevalence of anxiety and depression among women and will elaborate on relevant theory to explain the same. Anxiety and depression are associated with significant burden of mortality and morbidity (Izard 2013). Gender is considered as an essential determinant of mental illness. Substantial attention has been given to morbidity that is associated with several mental disorders, when compared to than gender-specific mechanisms and determinants responsible for promoting and protecting mental health. Gender is responsible for determining differential power and controls gender over the major socioeconomic determinants that influence the mental health (Maguen et al. 2012). Gender differences also create an impact on social position, lives, treatment and status in the society and increase the exposure and susceptibility to specific mental health diseases. Gender differences are particularly found to affect prevalence of anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints (Eaton et al. 2012). These disorders are predominantly found among women and affect 1 in 3 people, globally (Whiteford et al. 2013). Anxiety disorders are defined by restlessness, extreme fear, and muscle tension and are disabling or debilitating. This in turn increases the risk of depression and suicidal ideations (Lader 2015). Anxiety disorder is ranked 6th in terms of its contribution to global disability (3.4%). The global population had a proportion of 3.6% suffering from anxiety disorders in 2015. Further reports also suggested that as many as 7.7% females suffered from this disorder (when compared to 3.6% males) (World Health Organization 2017). Anxiety has been viewed as one of the basic manifestations of maladaptive metacognitions that encompass several vulnerabilities of psychological disorders. Some of the most common factors that contribute to prevalence of anxiety disorder in women include work-related stress, sexist attitudes from family and friends, and overload of domestic responsibility (Wrtzen et al. 2013). According to surveys, an estimated 45% people experience mental health problems in their lifetime (Beyondblue.org.au 2018). The National Survey of Mental Health suggested that anxiety disorder was found to affect 1 in 7 people, living in Australia, which accounted for 14.4% of the population (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2018). Research findings further illustrate that men with reduced serotonin levels are more impulsive, but are least likely to experience changes in their responses to induced chemical changes (Albert, Vahid-Ansari and Luckhart 2014). On the other hand, women show an increased susceptibility to experience mood-lowering effects in them. Thus, low serotonin levels are likely to result in an increased and more sensitive response to stress. Depression refers to the state of persistent low mood and aversion to all kinds of activities that eventually affects the behaviour, thoughts and sense of wellbeing of an individual (Hammen et al. 2012). Further evidences suggest that depression is prevalent in around 1 million adults in Australia. According to reports published by the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing 2007, depression was found to affect around 6.2% of the Australian population, aged between 16-85 years (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2018). Further statistics states that it affects approximately 350 million individuals globally, with women being twice more likely to get diagnosed with depression than men (Martin, Neighbors and Griffith 2013). Freud postulated the fact that women were more likely to neurosis due to experiences of aggression towards themselves, as a direct manifestation of developmental issues. Eaglys social role theory can be cited as the probable explanation for such differences that arise in mental behaviour (Olson, Zanna and Herman 2013). It is a social role theory that pertains to similarities and differences in sex related social behaviour. The key principles of the theory states that the differences arise primarily due to disparities in distribution of social roles of men and women in the society. Social roles consider women more likely to work as homemakers and as primary caretakers of the family and children in the paid economy (Eckes and Trautner 2012). On the other hand, men are considered more suitable for performing tasks that involve assertiveness, physical strength and leadership skills. Thus, the theory pertains to the sex differences in the social behaviour that makes women more prone to su ffer from mental problems. Differences in the distribution of their social roles in the society through assumption of the gender roles make women have poorer experiences while performing their pre-determined roles, subsequently resulting in a stress, and creating more conflicts among their roles. Gender roles and societal patriarchy are thus believed to have adverse effects on the psychological perceptions of men and women. Thus, the theory states that all roles are linked to societal functioning and social status or positions (Koenig and Eagly 2014). The major factors that contribute to an increased prevalence of depression among women include fluctuations in hormonal levels during puberty or menopause, ruminative nature of women, sociocultural factors such as, stress and discrimination. Increased life expectancy among women are also linked with loneliness, bereavement, and poor mental health that directly results in development of depressive symptoms. Women are likely to experience discrimination and harassment at the workplace that becomes difficult to combat due to concerns regarding threats or embarrassment. Such discrimination is stressful and subtle and makes it easy for the perpetrators to deny the harm done (Kimbrough et al. 2013). Women are also entitled with the primary responsibility of conducting domestic tasks, and are often put under pressure to accomplish certain goals. This makes it difficult for women to maintain positive relations with family and results in manifestation of generalized anxiety disorder. Thus, th e theory helps in correlating gender with prevalence of the aforementioned mental disorders in women. To conclude, it can be stated that gender differences can be attributed to a combination of factors, such as, brain chemistry, hormonal fluctuations, and social factors. Impact of certain factors such as, control on working outside the domestic sphere will lead to women experience a range of mental illnesses. Hence, development of internalized symptoms by women, which in turn directs problematic feeling towards self accounts for the higher prevalence of mental illness among women. References Albert, P.R., Vahid-Ansari, F. and Luckhart, C., 2014. Serotonin-prefrontal cortical circuitry in anxiety and depression phenotypes: pivotal role of pre-and post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor expression.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience,8, p.199. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare., 2018.Mental health services in Australia, Prevalence and policies - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. [online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/mental-health-services/mental-health-services-in-australia/report-contents/summary/prevalence-and-policies [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018]. Beyondblue.org.au. (2018).beyondblue. [online] Available at: https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts [Accessed 2 Apr. 2018]. Chambers, C., Chiu, S., Scott, A.N., Tolomiczenko, G., Redelmeier, D.A., Levinson, W. and Hwang, S.W., 2014. Factors associated with poor mental health status among homeless women with and without dependent children.Community mental health journal,50(5), pp.553-559. Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rsch, N., Brown, J.S.L. and Thornicroft, G., 2015. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies.Psychological medicine,45(1), pp.11-27. Eaton, N.R., Keyes, K.M., Krueger, R.F., Balsis, S., Skodol, A.E., Markon, K.E., Grant, B.F. and Hasin, D.S., 2012. An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: evidence from a national sample.Journal of abnormal psychology,121(1), p.282. Eckes, T. and Trautner, H.M., 2012. Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. InThe developmental social psychology of gender(pp. 137-188). Psychology Press. Hammen, C., Hazel, N.A., Brennan, P.A. and Najman, J., 2012. Intergenerational transmission and continuity of stress and depression: Depressed women and their offspring in 20 years of follow-up.Psychological medicine,42(5), pp.931-942. Izard, C.E., 2013.Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. Academic Press, pp.1-26. Kimbrough, A.M., Guadagno, R.E., Muscanell, N.L. and Dill, J., 2013. Gender differences in mediated communication: Women connect more than do men.Computers in Human Behavior,29(3), pp.896-900. Koenig, A.M. and Eagly, A.H., 2014. Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups roles shape stereotypes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,107(3), p.371. Lader, M., 2015. Generalized anxiety disorder. InEncyclopedia of Psychopharmacology(pp. 699-702). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Maguen, S., Luxton, D.D., Skopp, N.A. and Madden, E., 2012. Gender differences in traumatic experiences and mental health in active duty soldiers redeployed from Iraq and Afghanistan.Journal of psychiatric research,46(3), pp.311-316. Martin, L.A., Neighbors, H.W. and Griffith, D.M., 2013. The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.JAMA psychiatry,70(10), pp.1100-1106. Olson, J.M., Zanna, M.P. and Herman, C.P., 2013. Recounting the past: Gender differences in the recall of events in the history of a close relationship. InSelf-inference processes(pp. 147-164). Psychology Press. Whiteford, H.A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A.J., Ferrari, A.J., Erskine, H.E., Charlson, F.J., Norman, R.E., Flaxman, A.D., Johns, N. and Burstein, R., 2013. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.The Lancet,382(9904), pp.1575-1586. World Health Organization,(2017).Depression and other common mental disorders- global health estimates. [online]Available from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf;jsessionid=9A0EE0981578A7DF0BA9FBE3B7F4C61B?sequence=1.[Accessed on 18 april 2018]. Wrtzen, H., Dalton, S.O., Elsass, P., Sumbundu, A.D., Steding-Jensen, M., Karlsen, R.V., Andersen, K.K., Flyger, H.L., Pedersen, A.E. and Johansen, C., 2013. Mindfulness significantly reduces self-reported levels of anxiety and depression: results of a randomised controlled trial among 336 Danish women treated for stage IIII breast cancer.European Journal of Cancer,49(6), pp.1365-1373.

Robinson Crusoe Essay Topics

Robinson Crusoe Essay TopicsThe only thing a Robinson Crusoe essay topic has going for it is that it's cheap. Really, for the author it makes for an effective paper and also allows a lot of time to be used on a deeper subject. These days, it is often possible to use an essay or paper to obtain an education in order to better the reader or student.The kind of knowledge you obtain through Robinson Crusoe writing also helps to make it easier to comprehend the topic in question. For example, if the study of history had a module, it could be due to the influence of one of Robinson Crusoe's writings. By reading about his life story, a reader or student could understand what he was all about, what he did, and how he lived.Indeed, reading and studying about the life of a character like Robinson Crusoe can provide a lot of information. A writer would also benefit greatly from doing so. It is for this reason that there are many subjects that are covered and taught in a number of Robinson Cruso e essay topics.By reading about the nature of animals, for example, a writer would be able to learn about the lives of a variety of animals. And since there is so much to learn, it could be quite confusing at times for a writer, particularly if they've not studied the subject before. What can a writer do when they don't know what to write about?Well, fortunately, things are now simplified. Today, it is now possible to have an idea about the topic you want to write about, and then with the internet being there, you can simply enter the title of the book in a search engine and find an essay topic that will fit what you want to write about. You will just need to pick your style of writing, and find some online essays that will help you learn and understand the subject.With this in mind, a writer is able to write about things that relate to other people's lives, and sometimes it is no different from teaching. For example, while a teacher might provide some information about the subject of a class, the materials they give are often just for them to go on their own research, or to share with their students, and this would then be explained in a Robinson Crusoe essay topic.Of course, some essay topics are actually used by Robinson Crusoe for educational purposes. As he tells us, he keeps only one shirt for himself, so all the others have to be gathered together and managed so that they can survive in the wilderness. So to answer the question, 'what can you expect from your Robinson Crusoe essay topic?'First of all, you can expect to get some great short article ideas. Next, you will be able to gain knowledge about a variety of subjects, and finally, you will be able to use it for further education.